Japanese Garden essays

Japanese Garden articles - A commitment of building ethnology to Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich All through significant stretches of time and in numerous societies the human soul has been engrossed with trees. Proof of this is to be found in the numerous portrayals, pictorial and literary, which let us know of holy trees, trees of life and light, vast or world trees, the Tree of Knowledge in the Garden of Eden, trees of everlasting life, of endless youth etc. The wide degree of imagery fixated on the tree and its long history as the point of convergence of perfect universes is additionally reflected in the numerous examinations and examinations regarding this matter. The wealth of studies is expected not exclusively to the incredible degree of keeps an eye on profound relationship to trees, yet in addition to current keeps an eye on fascination to the rich imagery encompassing the tree. The incredible affiliations with which crude societies have contributed something that now appears to us as a characteristic item are demonstrative of a perspective that, in its more grounded innovative force, totally eclipses our own But, would we say we are directly in our thoughts regarding this previous intensity of creative mind? Has emblematic thinking about this sort truly sprung solely from the soul As recommended by the German word Einbildung ( inimagination ), may it not have been started off by structures of the universe of things Does imagery just appear to be fabulous on the grounds that it infers from occasions of social history which are currently lost in the profundities of time at the end of the day, might it be able to be that what we see as explicitly profound in keeps an eye on connection to the tree is really recognizable to lost culture ... <!

Related Literature Essay

So as to build up a careful understanding and more profound knowledge into past works and patterns that is pertinent to the subject, just as to arrive at explicit objectives of the investigation, the scientists thought about various references, both remote and nearby. These references introduced in this part were accumulated through diaries, magazines, books, and other understanding materials. It is likewise incorporates related outside and neighborhood writing and studies obtained through the web, past proposal and contextual analyses of a similar field and order. This gives a foundation to the conversation to dissect the discoveries of the current examinations. Remote Literature For the a great many poor in creating zones of the world, urban territories have consistently been a methods for improving their nature of living and condition, other than showing signs of improvement occupations and wages. This, as opposed to decaying conditions in the country territories has created an impressive progression of vagrants to urban communities. One of the quandaries that they face and which endures for an extensive stretch is the subject of a satisfactory house. The meaning of Mason,O. S. and Fraser, C. , (1998)takes the ecological, financial and everyday environments more into account. They portray casual settlements as: Dense settlements including networks housed inself-developed havens under states of casual or customary land residency. They are a typical component of creating nations and are ordinarily the result of a dire requirement for cover by the urban poor. As such they are portrayed by a thick expansion of little, temporary safe houses worked from different materials, (for example, plastic, tin sheeting and wooden boards), by debasement of the neighborhood biological system (for instance, disintegration and poor water quality and sanitation) and by extreme social issues. Joined Nations Human Settlements Program (2008) separate ghetto settlement to vagrant settlement. The word ghetto customarily portrays an area of lodging that was once in acceptable condition yet since disintegrated or been partitioned into a condition of high swarming and leased to low-salary gatherings. A vagrant settlement, then again, is a region of low quality lodging based on illicitly involved land. A third sort of settlement is a sporadic region, wherein he legitimate proprietor partitions the land into unacceptable plots and sells or leases them out without following all applicable structure local laws. Fernandes, E. 2011) on his report, Informal Settlements are brought about by low pay, unreasonable urban arranging, absence of adjusted land, absence of social lodging, and a useless legitimate framework. The settlements create after some time and some have existed for quite a long time, frequently turning out to be a piece of the ordinary advancement of the city, and in this manner picking up rights, albeit typically deficient with regards to formal titles. Regardless of whether they are built up on open or private land, they grow unpredictably and frequently don't have basic open administrations, for example, sanitation, bringing about wellbeing and ecological dangers.

Reduce Emotional Instability and Borderline Personality

Reduce Emotional Instability and Borderline Personality BPD Living With BPD Print Reducing Emotional Instability With BPD By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Updated on January 10, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in BPD Living With BPD Diagnosis Treatment Related Conditions Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often associated with emotional highs and lows, impulsive behavior and sensitivity. Many people with BPD experience intense  emotional instability, or extreme fluctuations between feeling great and feeling depressed or sad.  You may notice that your emotions can change quickly in reaction to some events, such as a disagreement with a friend. Often, your emotional reactions may be disproportionate to the incident that triggers the emotion, such as feeling so sad you begin to cry over a very small inconvenience. While some medications can help reduce your emotional instability, you can make changes to your lifestyle that can help dramatically impact this symptom. Making these changes can reduce the frequency and intensity of your emotions and can improve your overall ability to regulate your emotional responses. Before undergoing any sort of treatment plan to address emotional instability, be sure to talk to your therapist about whats going on to make sure you dont interfere with your therapy. She can even help you with these changes to help manage your emotions. Get Better Sleep Have you ever noticed that when you feel tired, you are more likely to be bothered by smaller things? A good night’s sleep is one of the most important things you can do to reduce your emotional instability and reduce irritability. If you have trouble falling or staying asleep, you can do some things to improve your sleep overall and help you get through your days with less emotional turmoil, such as practicing good sleep hygiene and staying on a regular routine. Exercise It’s no secret that you will feel better physically and mentally when your body is active. Exercise doesn’t just fight a host of physical health problems that are associated with BPD,  it is also a great way to maintain a more stable emotional system. If you don’t have an exercise program, the below article can help you get started. Start small and work your way up to get the benefits of exercise without hurting yourself. Diet When you feel bad, you are more likely to let your diet slip: Negative emotions can lead to urges to eat unhealthy foods, binge eat  or skip meals. You may find yourself turning to comfort foods to help you handle stress or depression. Unfortunately, this can turn into a vicious cycle, because poor eating also impacts mood, leaving you feeling even worse. Practice Good Self-Care The best way to reduce emotional ups and downs is to make a commitment to take good care of yourself. With all the demands that you are facing, this can be easier said than done. The time you spend on a self-care program will pay off if you can improve your emotional well-being. From taking time for yourself to relaxing, meditating, or even pampering yourself, self-care can help you manage your symptoms. While these tips can help your emotional instability, make sure you also talk to a healthcare provider. In some cases, these actions arent enough to help and you may need therapy or medication to manage your symptoms.   5 Keys for Coping With Borderline Personality Disorder

Why I Have Gradually Learned Overtime Bit - 863 Words

My most wanted place to be calms me from the inside of my soul to the outside of feet. Always giving me a pretty sight to see, no matter it be day or night because the temperature always feels so right. I love the way the sand feels between my toes, almost losing control slipping beneath. Hearing the wave’s crash on the shoreline is so soothing to me sounding musically and symphonically. I can look so far out, it helps me to get all my thoughts out. The water ready to immerse all of me, and I can let it all go. Let the pain go, and all my anger drives the tide trying to pull me away. â€Å"But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control; against such things there is no law (Galatians 5:22-24).† I have gradually learned overtime bit by bit some of these fruitful things by being in my ecstasy. The beach just gives me peace, it just being thus such a vast and beautiful attraction, awes and amazes me that one could have such a wonderful leisure. Peace of mind is such a delightful feeling, and is available to each person. Almost there so I do not stop what I am doing, the beach makes me feel like I need to drop everything bad on the floor. No shirt, no jeans, just skin the waves do not hold back and I am all in. But it is okay cause all I am in is just skin, and the water is flocking over me as I float on my back staring into the sky. All I want to see is further within my skin, and the beach helps me not to keepShow MoreRelatedAmerican Sport Movies Dealing with Racism6989 Words   |  28 Pagessports in American life is amply reflected in the American cinema. For decades movie makers have successfully mined sports to produce some of the most inspiring, poignant, exciting and memorable American movies ever made. The genre of ‘Sport Movies’ established in the Fifties and the Sixties. At the very beginning it was hard to see it as an independent genre because there was a lot of mixture. There have been propaganda movies as well as comedies, dramas, gangster movies or even westerns combinedRead MoreIntroduction to Motivation16686 Words   |  67 Pageseven after several failures ,what made Tendulkar a great living legend, what was the magic that changed the life of Wilma Rudolf ;it was nothing but MOTIVATION. We all want to achieve something in our life and for our dreams to come true, we need to have fire in our belly ,the true hunger for success. The story doesn’t end here; circumstances are rarely favourable for working on desires and then we need motivation to drive us to right path.Motivation may be explicit or may be sometimes implicit. MotivationRead More333 Helpful Interview Questions25702 Words   |  103 PagesPosition Initiative 1. What ideas have you sold to your own management? Why? 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There are some very interesting models emerging.† —Ben Edwards Manager of Investor Communications, IBM www.ibm.com 1 Describe the three-step writing process 2 List four questions that can help you test the purpose of your message 3 Describe the importance of analyzing your audience and identify the six factors you should consider when developing anRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesbe addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, e-mail: permcoordinator@wiley.com. 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Taking a Closer Look at Race Films Essay - 1241 Words

In early African American Cinema, filmmakers had a mission to move away from white perspectives on what it meant to be black (Stewart 225). Oftentimes, we would see black actors being portrayed in scenes as the antagonist committing crimes, as in the case of D.W. Griffith’s Birth of a Nation. Soon after Griffith released the film, filmmaker Oscar Micheaux forever changed American Independent Cinema with his â€Å"response† film Within Our Gates, which helped start the advent of race films (NAACP 1). Some of the most notable race films were: The Homesteader, Body and Soul, and The Blood of Jesus. Such films were produced for all-black audiences that featured black casts. But that did not necessarily mean that they were directed and written by†¦show more content†¦Soon after, Duff is working at a local mill when racial challenges arise because the mill’s manager discovers that Duff is allegedly trying to unionize the others. Afterwards, Duff quits the job, as he was essentially forced to leave. Looking for work everywhere in town and unable to live with a daily wage under $3.00, Duff gets a job at a garage through his father-in-law’s connection. Later we find him livid at a customer’s bigotry towards him and Josie, which ends with Duff being let go. Unemployed from nearly all jobs in town, Duff can no longer support his family. Mentally, he is unable to accept this and as a result he physically abuses Josie and leaves. Now that we have a basic understanding of the two films, we can move forward with the analysis and the role that religion plays in their stories. In The Blood of Jesus, what does Martha’s â€Å"unchurched† husband symbolize? On the other hand, the entire town appears to have blind faith, without any doubt. And in the case of Nothing But a Man, religion appears in the film by virtue of Josie’s Preacher Father. Despite the holy devotion to his God, he is unaccepting of Duff, which seems to be the opposite of what is documented in the Christian Bible. Therefore, we can call the Preacher a hypocrite. How else do these two films represent or portray religion, or in other words what are they trying to say with their holy representations? How has it also been used toShow MoreRelatedMickey Mouse Monopoly668 Words   |  3 PagesMickey Mouse Monopoly The Mickey Mouse Monopoly documentary reveals the obscure social messages behind the animated films created by the Disney Company. Although we are conditioned to believe that these movies are pure forms of entertainment, further examination has proved that there are hidden messages concerning gender, race and class that Disney is instilling in the minds of children. The speakers in the documentary argue that Disney is extremely political and hides its ideas behind innocenceRead MoreSecrets and Lies Essay1516 Words   |  7 PagesLeigh assumes that,† The films that are made in most parts of the world arent independent films; theyre just films, really. Here â€Å"independent† films mean films made in spite of Hollywood.† (Miller) Leigh considers Secret and Lies as an independent movie in a sense that it contains realistic facts and truthfulness compared to those produced by filmmakers in Hollywood where they mostly focus on style, cinematic etc. Leigh is right in that case because, Secret and Lies looks like some sort of documentaryRead MoreModern Times Directed By Charlie Chaplin892 Words   |  4 Pages In the film Modern Times directed by Charlie Chaplin, like most of society Chaplin’s Tramp character yearns for a slice of the â€Å"American Dream.† Struggling to conform to societal norms, the Tramp unsuccessfully attempts to reach the upper-middle-class bliss that he desires. In his endeavors, the Tramp ends up in jail but ironically, it is in the confinement of prison where the Tramp feels most comfortable and that his individuality is best appreciated. 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Paul Haggis illustrates those change through the mood tone, setting, and even the music. By the end of the movie, the audience is left with a feeling of hope and an ambition to examine its own thought and actions towards othersRead MoreEssay on Morals and Beliefs in Gran Torino855 Words   |  4 Pagesvalues are one of the most important things that we human beings live for. The movie â€Å"Gran Torino† is an excellent example of how our own moral values define who we are as a person. We make decisions based on what we think is right or wrong. The film starts off with Walt Kowalski who is a widower who holds onto his prejudices despite the changes in his Michigan neighbourhood and the world around him. Kowalski is a grumpy, tough-minded, unhappy an old man, who cant get along with either his kidsRead MoreAfrican-American Stereotypes935 Words   |  4 Pagesrepresents a very unsexualized woman, who is portrayed as big, and whose duties are that of a housemaid and caretaker. 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Table Tennis Free Essays

string(35) " when dropped from a height of 30\." Table Tennis Table tennis, also known as  ping-pong, is a  sport  in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using  table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. We will write a custom essay sample on Table Tennis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. A skilled player can impart several varieties of  spinto the ball, altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent’s options to great advantage. Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization  International Table Tennis Federation  (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 217 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Since 1988, table tennis has been an  Olympic sport  with several event categories. In particular, from 1988 until 2004, these were: men’s singles, women’s singles, men’s doubles and women’s doubles. Since 2008 a team event has been played instead of the doubles. In 2007, the governance for  table tennis for persons with a disability  was transferred from the  International Paralympic Committee  to the ITTF. History The game originated as a sport in England during the 1880s, where it was played among the upper-class as an after-dinner parlour game. It has been suggested that the game was first developed by British military officers in India or South Africa who brought it back with them. A row of books were stood up along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hit a golf-ball from one end of the table to the other. Alternatively table tennis was played with paddles made of cigar box lids and balls made of champagne corks. The popularity of the game led game manufacturers to sell the equipment commercially. Early rackets were often pieces of parchment stretched upon a frame, and the sound generated in play gave the game its first nicknames of â€Å"wiff-waff† and â€Å"ping-pong†. A number of sources indicate that the game was first brought to the attention of Hamley’s of Regent Street under the name â€Å"Gossima†. The name â€Å"ping-pong† was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The name â€Å"ping-pong† then came to be used for the game played by the rather expensive Jaques’s equipment, with other manufacturers calling it table tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the â€Å"ping-pong† name to Parker Brothers. The next major innovation was by James W Gibb, a British enthusiast of table tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid balls on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be ideal for the game. This was followed by E. C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a sheet of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the extent that table tennis tournaments were being organized, books on table tennis were being written,[8] and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902. During the early 1900s, the game was banned in Russia because the rulers at the time believed that playing the game had an adverse effect on players’ eyesight. In 1921, the Table Tennis Association was founded in Britain, and the International Table Tennis Federation followed in 1926. [5][10] London hosted the first official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table Tennis Association, now called USA Table Tennis, was formed. In the 1950s, rackets that used a rubber sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically, introducing greater spin and speed. These were introduced to Britain by sports goods manufacturer S. W. Hancock Ltd. The use of speed glue increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to â€Å"slow the game down†. Table tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988. After the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the International Table Tennis Federation instituted several rules changes aimed at making table tennis more viable as a televised spectator sport. First, the older 38 mm balls were officially replaced by 40 mm balls in 2000. This increased the ball’s air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their rackets, which made the game excessively fast and difficult to watch on television. Second, the ITTF changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring system in 2001. This was intended to make games more fast-paced and exciting. The ITTF also changed the rules on service to prevent a player from hiding the ball during service, in order to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server’s advantage. Variants of the sport have recently emerged. â€Å"Large-ball† table tennis uses a 44 mm ball, which slows down the game significantly. This has seen some acceptance by players who have a hard time with the extreme spins and speeds of the 40 mm game. There is a move towards reviving the table tennis game that existed prior to the introduction of sponge rubber. â€Å"Hardbat† table tennis players reject the speed and spin of reversed sponge rubber, preferring the 1940–60s play style with no sponge and short-pimpled rubber. Defense is less difficult by decreasing the speed and eliminating any meaningful magnus effect of spin. Because hardbat killer shots are almost impossible to hit against a skilled player, hardbat matches focus on the strategic side of table tennis, requiring skillful maneuvering of the opponent before an attack can become successful. Equipment’s Ball The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2. 7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball. [16] The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24–26 cm when dropped from a height of 30. You read "Table Tennis" in category "Essay examples" 5 cm on to a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0. 89 to 0. 92. The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games. However, this created some controversy as the Chinese National Team argued that this was merely to give non-Chinese players a better chance of winning since the new type of balls has a slower speed, while at that time most Chinese players were playing with fast attack and smashes. A 40 mm table tennis ball is slower and spins less than the original 38 mm (1. 5 inch) one. The ball is made of a high-bouncing air-filled celluloid or similar plastics material, colored white or orange, with a matte finish. The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surroundings. For example, a white ball is easier to see on a green or blue table than it is on a gray table. Stars on the ball indicate the quality of the ball. Three stars indicate that it is of the highest quality, and is used in official competition. Table The table is 2. 74 m (9 ft) long, 1. 52 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low-friction coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15. 25 cm (6 inch) high net. An ITTF approved table surface must be in a green or blue color. Concrete tables with a steel net are sometimes available in public parks. Racket Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player. The official ITTF term is â€Å"racket†, though â€Å"bat† is common in Britain, and â€Å"paddle† in the U. S. The wooden portion of the racket, often referred to as the â€Å"blade†, commonly features anywhere between one and seven plies of wood, though cork, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum fiber, and Kevlar are sometimes used. According to the ITTF regulations, at least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood. Common wood types include Balsa, Limba, and Cypress or â€Å"Hinoki,† which is popular in Japan. The average size of the blade is about 6. 5 inches (16. 5 cm) long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide. Although the official restrictions only focus on the flatness and rigidness of the blade itself, these dimensions are optimal for most play styles. Table tennis regulations allow different surfaces on each side of the racket. Various types of surfaces provide various levels of spin or speed, and in some cases they nullify spin. For example, a player may have a rubber that provides much spin on one side of his racket, and one that provides no spin on the other. By flipping the racket in play, different types of returns are possible. To help a player distinguish between the rubber used by his opposing player, international rules specify that one side must be red while the other side must be black. The player has the right to inspect his opponent’s racket before a match to see the type of rubber used and what color it is. Despite high speed play and rapid exchanges, a player can see clearly what side of the racket was used to hit the ball. Current rules state that, unless damaged in play, the racket cannot be exchanged for another racket at any time during a match. Rules Starting a game According to ITTF rule 2. 13. 1, the first service is decided by lot, normally a coin toss. It is also common for one player (or the umpire/scorer) to hide the ball in one or the other hand (usually hidden under the table), allowing the other player to guess which hand the ball is in. The correct or incorrect guess gives the â€Å"winner† the option to choose to serve, receive, or to choose which side of the table to use. (A common but non-sanctioned method is for the players to play the ball back and forth four times and then play out the point. This is commonly referred to as â€Å"play to serve† or â€Å"rally to serve†. ) Service and return In game play, the player serving the ball commences a play. The server first stands with the ball held on the open palm of the hand not carrying the racket, called the freehand, and tosses the ball directly upward without spin, at least 16 centimeters (approximately 6 inches) high. The server strikes the ball with the racket on the ball’s descent so that it touches first his court and then touches directly the receiver’s court without touching the net assembly. In casual games, many players do not toss the ball upward; however, this is technically illegal and can give the serving player an unfair advantage. The ball must remain behind the endline and above the upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, at all times during the service. The server cannot use his body or clothing to obstruct sight of the ball; the opponent and the umpire must have a clear view of the ball at all times. If the umpire is doubtful of the legality of a service they may first interrupt play and give a warning to the server. If the serve is a clear failure or is doubted again by the umpire after the warning, receiver scores a point. If the service is â€Å"good†, then the receiver must make a â€Å"good† return by hitting the ball back before it bounces a second time on receiver’s side of the table so that the ball passes the net and touches the opponent’s court, either directly or after touching the net assembly. Thereafter, the server and receiver must alternately make a return until the rally is over. Returning the serve is one of the most difficult parts of the game, as the server’s first move is often the least predictable and thus most advantageous shot due to the numerous spin and speed choices at his or her disposal. Let A let is a rally of which the result is not scored, and is called in the following circumstances: The ball touches the net in service, provided the service is otherwise correct or the ball is obstructed by the player on the receiving side. Obstruction means a player touches the ball when it is above or traveling towards the playing surface, not having touched the player’s court since last being struck by the player. When the player on the receiving side is not ready and the service is delivered. Player’s failure to make a service or a return or to comply with the Laws is due to a disturbance outside the control of the player. Play is interrupted by the umpire or assistant umpire. When time is an issue, some competitions only count a let if a player has over 10 points. If they have less, it counts as a fair shot. This can significantly increase the pace of game. Scoring A point is scored by the player for any of several results of the rally: Opponent fails to make a correct service or return. After making a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than the net assembly before being struck by the opponent. The ball passes over the player’s court or beyond his end line without touching his court, after being struck by the opponent. The opponent obstructs the ball. The opponent strikes the ball twice successively. Note that the hand that is holding the racket counts as part of the racket and that making a good return off one’s hand or fingers is allowed. It is not a fault if the ball accidentally hits one’s hand or fingers and then subsequently hits the racket. The opponent strikes the ball with a side of the racket blade whose surface is not covered with rubber. The opponent moves the playing surface or touches the net assembly. The opponent’s free hand touches the playing surface. As a receiver under the expedite system, completing 13 returns in a rally. The opponent has been warned by umpire commits a second offense in the same individual match or team match. If the third offence happens, 2 points will be given to the player. If the individual match or the team match has not ended, any unused penalty points can be transferred to the next game of that match. A game shall be won by the player first scoring 11 points unless both players score 10 points, when the game shall be won by the first player subsequently gaining a lead of 2 points. A match shall consist of the best of any odd number of games. In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games. Alternation of services and ends Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score 10 points or the expedite system is operated, when the sequences of serving and receiving stay the same but each player serves for only 1 point in turn. Player serving first in a game shall receive first in the next game of the match. After each game, players switch sides of the table. In the last possible game of a match, for example the seventh game in a best of seven matches, players change ends when the first player scores 5 points, regardless of whose turn it is to serve. If the sequence of serving and receiving is out of turn or the ends is not changed, points scored in the wrong situation are still calculated and the game shall be resumed with the order at the score that has been reached. Doubles game Service zone in doubles game In addition to games between individual players, pairs may also play table tennis. In doubles, all the rules of single play are applied except for the following. A line painted along the long axis of the table to create doubles courts bisects the table. This line’s only purpose is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service, must originate from the right hand â€Å"box† in such a way that the first bounce of the serve bounces once in said right hand box and then must bounce at least once in the opponent side’s right hand box (far left box for server), or the receiving pair score a point. Players must alternate hitting the ball. For example, if A is paired with B, X is paired with Y, A is the server and X is the receiver. The order of play shall be A X B Y. The rally proceeds this way until one side fails to make a legal return and the other side scores. At each change of service, the previous receiver shall become the server and the partner of the previous server shall become the receiver. For example, if the previous order of play is A X B Y, the order becomes X B Y A after the change of service. In each game of a doubles match, the pair having the right to serve first shall choose which of them will do so. The receiving pair, however, can only choose in the first game of the match. When the first server is chosen in the second or the latter games of the match, the first receiver of the game is the player who served to the first server of the game in the preceding game. For example, if the order of play is A X B Y at beginning of the first game, the order begins with X A Y B or Y B X A in the second game depending on either X or Y being chosen as the first server of the game. When a pair reaches 5 points in the final game, the pairs must switch ends of the table and the team that receives the service must switch receiver. For example, when the last order of play before a pair score 5 points in the final game is A X B Y, the order after change shall be A Y B X if A still has the second serve. Otherwise, X is the next server and the order becomes X A Y B. Singles and doubles are both played in international competition, including the Olympic Games since 1988 and the Commonwealth Games since 2002. In 2005, the ITTF announced that doubles table tennis only was featured as a part of team events in the 2008 Olympics. Expedite system If a game is unfinished after 10 minutes’ play and fewer than 18 points have been scored, the expedite system is initiated. The umpire interrupts the game, and the game resumes with players serving for 1 point in turn. If the expedite system is introduced while the ball is not in play, the previous receiver shall serve first. Under the expedite system, the server must win the point before the opponent makes 13 consecutive returns or the point goes to the opponent. The system can also be initiated at any time at the request of both players /or pairs. Once introduced, the expedite system remains in force until the end of the match. A rule to shorten the time of a match, it is mainly seen in defensive players’ games. How to cite Table Tennis, Essay examples

Marketing Strategy of Levis Essay Example

Marketing Strategy of Levis Paper The Marketing Strategy Employed by Levis Works Cited Missing In order for a new brand to establish itself in its market and for its products to sell successfully, thus achieving company goals and shareholder profitability, a number of key principles concerning consumer behaviour have to be fully grasped and addressed. As well as producing a range of new, exciting and quality garments, the firm will need to ensure that its products are cleverly and thoughtfully marketed to the appropriate consumer groups. In this report I will look at the marketing strategy employed by Levis on their new Anti-Fit style jeans, and at the importance of consumer behaviour in deriving this strategy. I will also look at the importance of a clear and up to date comprehension of the factors that affect consumer behaviour, paying particular attention to the key role that perception will play in forming consumers attitudes towards the new range of designer jeans. I will continue on to show how favourable perceptions about Levis brand identity will have a positive effect in raising consumer motivation to purchase a product from their range. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Levis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Levis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Strategy of Levis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fashion industry at this time; a time of increasing disposable incomes and incidence of recreational shopping, is intensely competitive. We can draw on many examples to highlight the point that; companies who have established a strong and clear brand image, have tended to command a larger market share than those companies whos image is either unfavourable, for example old fashioned, or unattached to specific and clear values. Establishing a strong and istinguishable brand image for the Anti-Fit range of jeans is the central idea behind Levis marketing strategy for breaking into the competitive market and ultimately gaining a favourable share of the market for designer jeans. Creating the right brand image is largely dependent upon being in tune with the mindsets, beliefs, values and aspirations of the modern, well-informed consumer. Moreover ensuring that the consumer perceives the firm to be in tune with their way of thinking and holding similar values centrally to the Levis bra nd identity will be the key to ensuring marketing success. When advertising the Anti-Fit product Levis must ensure that its messages are clear and perceived by the desired audience in the intended manner. Evans, Moutinho and Van Raaij (1996) believe that aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦the more we understand about the perceptual process both generally and of the target market concerned, the more we can ensure that the intended receivers of the message will interpret it in the intended manneraâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦ (pp. 55). The notion of branding can have significant effects on consumers perceptions of product characteristics and attributes. Studies have shown customers can often not tell the differences between the various brands but labels and their associations definitely influenced their evaluations. (Consumer Behaviour G R Foxall) This shows that customers perceptions of products can derive from marketing effort alone; brand images and brand differentiation can be the consumers only guide to want satisfaction. This is particularly evident in a highly branded stylised market such as the jeans market. Therefore pursuing the correct marketing campaign is essential to appeal to the target audience, in an already highly differentiated market. When shopping for designer jeans consumers are more likely to consider purchasing a brand product from his or her awareness set than from a company whos brand image he or she has not been exposed to. Brand awareness is an obvious precondition to purchase. (Jobber 2004) The purchase of a pair of designer jeans may be considered neither a high involvement nor low involvement purchase, where involvement may be thought of as aâ‚ ¬Ã‚ ¦the degree of perceived relevance and personal importance accompanying brand choice (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel 2001: quoted in Jobber 2004). The following model is an amalgamation of Fisbein and Ajzens model for high involvement purchases and Enrenberg and Goodharts model for low involvement situation. [IMAGE] The influences at work when shopping for designer jeans. The purchase of a pair of designer jeans is seldom undertaken with the same abandon and low risk as, for example, the purchase of a pair of socks. Jeans may be worn and enjoyed for many months, even years. Therefore the consumer would want to ensure that the jeans will remain comfortable, fashionable and flattering for more than a few outings. Creating a brand that is seen to be fashionable, desirable and having a degree of exclusivity, is vital for attacking the designer end of the jeans market. Referring to the model above and what has been written up to this point, suppose two comparably priced jeans were tested, both equally well fitting and both well styled. A consumer may be swayed by brand snobbery, wishing to attach herself to the brand he or she believes matches his or her beliefs and attitudes and will result in greater approval from his or her significant references. The more aware a consumer is of a brand, the more likely he or she may be to purchase its product. Perception of products and brand identity has a big impact on consumer purchasing behaviour, within a dynamic fast moving market, such as the jeans market; where style and originality is the key. Perception is defined as the entire process by which an individual becomes aware of his environment and interprets it so that it will fit into his own frame or reference (Walters in Consumer Behaviour G R Foxall 1977). People become aware of their environment through the five senses, therefore sensation is the process by which perception begins. Also important is the process of interpretation, which depends on the socio-psychological meanings the individual attaches to the object perceived. Everybody perceives things differently and this is important when thinking about grouping people into a particular market segment or marketing a brand in a particular way, as potential consumers may not interpret such things with the same meaning as intended. 0% of stimuli are received through sight, therefore when marketing a new range of designer jeans visual stimuli are a key method of attracting potential consumers. Potential customers within such a competitive market have a number of factors influencing their purchasing behaviour. Consumer buying is motivated by something more than awareness; it depends on the consumers needs and drives, tastes and aspirations, attitudes, personality and social environment. Products are not only purchased for their functional values but also, for the social and psychological meanings they convey. The purchase of a pair of jeans is linked, to what extent is dependent on the individual, to the formulation and shaping of a consumers self-image. Purchasing a pair of jeans will to some degree shape a persons self-image and the way others may perceive them. As marketers, a company must align the consumers self-perception and the image they intend to project to others, with the attributes and values they perceive to be attached to the company and its associated products. Grubb and Grothwohl (1967) suggest image research within marketing seeks to link the psychological construct of an individuals self-concept with the symbolic value of the goods purchased (p 23). A consumer will purchase goods that they believe will either enhance their self-image, or those which help the consumer to feel closer to their self image. Therefore we may think of goods, in this case designer jeans, as symbols that communicate something about the individual to his significant references (p 24). The selective nature of perception and attention act as a way of coping with the constant bombardment of stimuli, the precise manner in which the person allows some messages to penetrate while rejecting others depends on values, motives and attitudes as well as social situation. With a prior knowledge of this aspect of consumer purchasing behaviour, it is clear that when selecting and targeting potential consumers marketing strategies must incorporate a wide range of factors to appeal to a market segment which may encompass people with wide ranging beliefs, attitudes and values. For example marketing for young, trendy professionals looking for up to the minute style may represent a particular market segment but within this segment individuals may have varying beliefs or values. Therefore, by simply targeting a segment of the market we cannot assume homogenous perceptions of a new product. Differing attitudes to a particular strategy may be widely evident, therefore understanding consumers purchasing behaviour in relation to differing perceptions will give a wider insight into possible effective strategies.